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The different types of COVID-19 vaccines

• As of December 2020, there are over 200 vaccine candidates for COVID-19 being developed. Of these, at least 52 candidate vaccines are in human trials. There are several others currently in phase I/II, which will enter phase III in the coming months.
• Having lots of different vaccines in development increases the chances that there will be one or more successful vaccines that will be shown to be safe and efficacious for the intended prioritized populations.
• This document outlines the different types of vaccines.

Source: WHO

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

• This study reports a vaccine efficacy of 94.8% against Covid-19 after two doses of the messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech).
• They used documents submitted to the Food and Drug Administration to derive the vaccine efficacy beginning from 2 weeks after the first dose to before the second dose.
• Even before the second dose, BNT162b2 was highly efficacious, with a vaccine efficacy of 92.6%, a finding similar to the first-dose efficacy of 92.1% reported for the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna)

Source: NEJM

Neutralizing Activity of BNT162b2-Elicited Serum — Preliminary Report

• BNT162b2 is a nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine expressing the full-length prefusion spike glycoprotein (S) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
• In a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial involving approximately 44,000 participants, immunization conferred 95% efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19).
• To analyze effects on neutralization elicited by BNT162b2, they engineered S mutations from the B.1.351 lineage into USA-WA1/2020, a relatively early isolate of the virus

Source: NEJM

Early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation for prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 mortality in patients admitted to hospital in the United States: cohort study

• This study aims to evaluate whether early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation compared with no anticoagulation was associated with decreased risk of death among patients admitted to hospital with coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19).
• Early initiation of prophylactic anticoagulation compared with no anticoagulation among patients admitted to hospital with covid-19 was associated with a decreased risk of 30 day mortality and no increased risk of serious bleeding events.
• These findings provide strong real world evidence to support guidelines recommending the use of prophylactic anticoagulation as initial treatment for patients with covid-19 on hospital admission.

Source: The BMJ

Effect of a Single High Dose of Vitamin D3 on Hospital Length of Stay in Patients With Moderate to Severe COVID-19 – A Randomized Clinical Trial

• The efficacy of vitamin D3 supplementation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remains unclear.
• This study aims to investigate the effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stay in patients with COVID-19.
• Among hospitalized patients with COVID-19, a single high dose of vitamin D3, compared with placebo, did not significantly reduce hospital length of stay. The findings do not support the use of a high dose of vitamin D3 for treatment of moderate to severe COVID-19.

Source: JAMA Network

Effect of High-Dose Zinc and Ascorbic Acid Supplementation vs Usual Care on Symptom Length and Reduction Among Ambulatory Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection – The COVID A to Z Randomized Clinical Trial

• This study aims to examine whether high-dose zinc and/or high-dose ascorbic acid reduce the severity or duration of symptoms compared with usual care among ambulatory patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
• In this randomized clinical trial of ambulatory patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, treatment with high-dose zinc gluconate, ascorbic acid, or a combination of the 2 supplements did not significantly decrease the duration of symptoms compared with standard of care.

Source: JAMA Network

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