1- Monday Infectious Disease News – 18th October

1 – WHO recommends groundbreaking malaria vaccine for children at risk Historic RTS,S/AS01 recommendation can reinvigorate the fight against malaria

• The World Health Organization (WHO) is recommending widespread use of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine among children in sub-Saharan Africa and in other regions with moderate to high P. falciparum malaria transmission.
• The recommendation is based on results from an ongoing pilot programme in Ghana, Kenya and Malawi that has reached more than 800 000 children since 2019.
• “This is a historic moment. The long-awaited malaria vaccine for children is a breakthrough for science, child health and malaria control,” said WHO Director-General Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. “Using this vaccine on top of existing tools to prevent malaria could save tens of thousands of young lives each year.”
• Malaria remains a primary cause of childhood illness and death in sub-Saharan Africa. More than 260 000 African children under the age of five die from malaria annually.

Source: WHO

2 – The World’s First Malaria Vaccine—and What it Means for the Future of Pandemic Response

• On Oct. 6, the World Health Organization recommended use of the first vaccine to fight malaria.
• The decision is momentous and highly anticipated for many reasons: among them is that this is the first vaccine to help reduce the risk of deadly severe malaria in young children in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease remains a leading killer.
• The vaccine offers hope that there can be a circle of learning from one pandemic to the next.
• Malaria, our oldest pandemic, may offer insights on how we can survive contemporary scourges like COVID-19.
• Malaria evolved at least 2.5 million years ago and first infected humans in rural parts of Africa.
• It then spread to all continents save Antarctica—notably, killing off armies ranging from those trying to conquer ancient Rome to those battling to control the Pacific in World War II.
• Malaria, according to historians, may have killed more people than any other pandemic.

Source: Time

3 – Gut Resistome of Preschool Children After Prolonged Mass Azithromycin Distribution: A Cluster-randomized Trial

• They evaluated the gut resistance of children from communities treated with 10 twice-yearly azithromycin distributions.
• Although the macrolide resistance remained higher in the azithromycin arm, the selection of non-macrolide resistance observed at earlier time points did not persist.
• Longitudinal resistance monitoring should be a critical component of mass distribution programs.

Source: Oxford Academic

4- Design of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment Regimens Based on DNA Sequencing

• Comprehensive and reliable drug susceptibility testing (DST) is urgently needed to provide adequate treatment regimens for patients with multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/RR-TB).
• In this study they determined whether next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates and genes implicated in drug resistance can guide the design of effective MDR/RR-TB treatment regimens.
• NGS-based genomic DST can reliably guide the design of effective MDR/RR-TB treatment regimens.

Source: Oxford Academic

5 – Three Weeks Versus Six Weeks of Antibiotic Therapy for Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis: A Prospective, Randomized, Noninferiority Pilot Trial

• In patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) who underwent surgical debridement, they investigated whether a short (3 weeks) duration compared with a long (6 weeks) duration of systemic antibiotic treatment is associated with noninferior results for clinical remission and adverse events (AEs).
• In this randomized controlled pilot trial, a postdebridement systemic antibiotic therapy course for DFO of 3 weeks gave similar (and statistically noninferior) incidences of remission and AE to a course of 6 weeks.

Source: Oxford Academic

6 – Accelerate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccine Rollout by Delaying the Second Dose of mRNA Vaccines

• The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is far from over in the United States. Fortunately, vaccination with 2 mRNA vaccines, one from Pfizer/BNT Biotech and one from Moderna, has begun in high-risk groups including healthcare personnel and residents of old age homes, but supplies are not adequate for the entire population, all of whom deserve vaccine protection.
• Both vaccines are recommended to be given in 2 doses, 3 or 4 weeks apart, which give about 95% efficacy.
• Data from both of the pivotal trials revealed that a single dose induced considerable short-term protection against COVID-19 disease.
• This study urge consideration of interim use of single doses in the United States in order to extend vaccination to as many people as possible.
• Based on immunologic principles, sensitization with single doses would still allow boosting with a second dose several months later, when supplies improve.

Source: Oxford Academic

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