1- Monday Infectious Disease News – 26th April

1 – Analysis of intervention effectiveness using early outbreak transmission dynamics to guide future pandemic management and decision-making in Kuwait

• SARS-CoV-2 is a World Health Organization designated pandemic that can result in severe symptoms and death that disproportionately affects older patients or those with comorbidities.
• In this study they use a modified susceptible-exposed-asymptomatic-infectious-removed (SEAIR) transmission model to estimate the outbreak dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in Kuwait.
• The SEAIR modelled scenarios allow for the analysis of various interventions to determine their effectiveness.
• The model can help inform future pandemic wave management, not only in Kuwait but for other countries as well.

Source: ScienceDirect

2 – Johnson & Johnson vaccine paused over rare blood clots

• The US, South Africa and European Union will temporarily stop the rollout of the Johnson & Johnson (J&J) Covid jab, after reports of rare blood clotting.
• Six cases were detected in more than 6.8 million doses of the vaccine, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said.
• The FDA said it was recommending the temporary pause “out of an abundance of caution”.
• It confirmed that one patient died from blood clotting complications, and another is in a critical condition.
• All six cases were in women aged between 18 and 48, with symptoms appearing six to 13 days after vaccination.

Source: BBC

3 – Reducing travel-related SARS-CoV-2 transmission with layered mitigation measures: symptom monitoring, quarantine, and testing

• Balancing the control of SARS-CoV-2 transmission with the resumption of travel is a global priority.
• Current recommendations include mitigation measures before, during, and after travel.
• Pre- and post-travel strategies including symptom monitoring, antigen or nucleic acid amplification testing, and quarantine can be combined in multiple ways considering different trade-offs in feasibility, adherence, effectiveness, cost, and adverse consequences.

Source: BMC

4- Inhaled budesonide for COVID-19 in people at higher risk of adverse outcomes in the community: interim analyses from the PRINCIPLE trial

• Inhaled budesonide has shown efficacy for treating COVID-19 in the community but has not yet been tested in effectiveness trials.
• In this updated interim analysis, inhaled budesonide reduced time to recovery by a median of 3 days in people with COVID-19 with risk factors for adverse outcomes.
• Once 28 day follow up is complete for all participants randomized to budesonide, final analyses of time to recovery and hospitalization/death will be published.

Source: MedRxiv

5 – Predictors of Length of Hospital Stay, Mortality, and Outcomes Among Hospitalised COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study

• COVID-19 pandemic is a major strain on health and economic systems, with rapidly increasing demand for in patients’ facilities.
• Disease diagnosis and estimating patients at higher risk is important for the optimal management during the pandemic.
• This study aimed to identify the predictors of mortality and length of hospital stay in COVID-19 patients.
• Hospitalised COVID-19 patients have multiple negative consequences in terms of their laboratory findings, signs and symptoms.
• Age and end-stage renal diseases have a significant impact on the mortality rate and the length of hospital stay among COVID-19 patients.

Source: DovePress

6 – COVID vaccines and blood clots: five key questions

• The vaccines produced by AstraZeneca and J&J both rely on adenoviruses, which carry the DNA encoding a coronavirus protein called spike into human cells.
• The clots that have been tentatively linked to the AstraZeneca and J&J vaccines have particular characteristics: they occur in unusual parts of the body, such as the brain or abdomen, and are coupled with low levels of platelets, cell fragments that aid blood coagulation.
• Further analysis found other hallmarks of a condition called heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia (HIT), a rare side effect sometimes seen in people who have taken the anti-coagulant heparin, though the vaccine recipients had not taken that drug.

Source: Nature

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