1- Monday Infectious Disease News – 8th March

Vaccine linked to reduction in risk of COVID-19 admissions to hospitals

• Vaccination has been linked to a substantial reduction in the risk of COVID-19 admissions to Scotland’s hospitals.
• As part of the EAVE II project, data on vaccine effect were analysed.
• The study shows that, by the fourth week after receiving the initial dose, the Pfizer and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines were shown to reduce the risk of hospitalisation from Covid-19 in up to 85 per cent and 94 per cent, respectively.
• Among those aged 80 years and over, one of the highest risk groups, vaccination was associated with an 81 per cent reduction in hospitalisation risk in the fourth week when the results for both vaccines were combined.

Source: Public Health Scotland

Why vaccine side effects might be more common in people who’ve already had COVID-19

• Tens of millions of people have already been vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2, and in the coming months, hundreds of millions more will follow.
• Many of them will experience minor adverse reactions in the hours and days after receiving each dose, such as a sore arm, mild fever, headache or fatigue.
• They may also be more common if you’ve already recovered from COVID-19 because your immune system is primed to respond to the virus – including harmless fragments of it or instructions for them, contained within vaccines.
• Vaccines teach the immune system to recognise and respond to a pathogen.
• This “training” process triggers some of the same immune reactions as encountering the real thing.

Source: GAVI

Artificial Sweeteners May Play Role in Spread of Antibiotic Resistance

• Four commonly used artificial sweeteners – saccharine, sucralose, aspartame, and acesulfame potassium — can promote the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, according to new research.
• This study investigated if artificial sweeteners would encourage the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria.
• Sweeteners significantly accelerated the exchange of bacteria through a process known as conjugation.
• This process is regarded as the bacterial equivalent of sexual reproduction or mating and occurs when two bacteria come into direct contact.

Source: Sci News

IDSA Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic with a rapidly increasing incidence of infections and deaths.
• Many pharmacologic therapies are being used or considered for treatment.
• Given the rapidity of emerging literature, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) identified the need to develop living, frequently updated evidence-based guidelines to support patients, clinicians and other health-care professionals in their decisions about treatment and management of patients with COVID-19.

Source: Idsociety

Persistent SARS-CoV-2 RNA Shedding without Evidence of Infectiousness: A Cohort Study of Individuals with COVID-19

• To better understand SARS-CoV-2 shedding duration and infectivity, we estimated SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding duration, described characteristics associated with viral RNA shedding resolution, and determined if replication-competent viruses could be recovered ≥10 days after symptom onset among individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19.
• Although most patients were positive for SARS-CoV-2 for ≥10 days after symptom onset, our findings suggest that individuals with mild to moderate COVID-19 are unlikely to be infectious ≥10 days after symptom onset.

Source: Oxford Academic

The Activin/Follistatin-axis is severely deregulated in COVID-19 and independently associated with in-hospital mortality

• Activins are members of the TGFβ-superfamily implicated in the pathogenesis of several immuno-inflammatory disorders.
• Based on previous studies demonstrating that over-expression of Activin-A in murine lung causes pathology sharing key features of COVID-19, they hypothesized that Activins and their natural inhibitor Follistatin might be particularly relevant to COVID-19 pathophysiology.
• This study unravels strong link between Activin/Follistatin-axis and COVID-19 mortality and introduces FACT-CLINYCoD, a novel pathophysiology-based tool that allows dynamic prediction of disease outcome, supporting clinical decision making.

Source: Oxford Academic

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