1- Monday Infectious Disease News – 16th August 

1 – Direct Evidence of Active SARS-CoV-2 Replication in the Intestine

• Currently, there is no direct evidence to prove the active replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the intestinal tract and relevant pathological changes in the colon and rectum. We investigated the presence of virions and pathological changes in surgical rectal tissues of a patient with clinically confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with rectal adenocarcinoma.
• This study first report the direct evidence of active SARS-CoV-2 replication in a patient’s rectum during the incubation period, which might explain SARS-CoV-2 fecal–oral transmission.

Source: Oxford Academic

2 – Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Inpatient and Outpatient Settings in the United States, 2015–2018

• Demonstration of influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) against hospitalized illness in addition to milder outpatient illness may strengthen vaccination messaging.
• The objective was to compare patient characteristics and VE between United States (US) inpatient and outpatient VE networks.
• Inpatients and outpatients with ARI represent distinct populations.
• Despite comparatively poor health among inpatients, influenza vaccination was effective in preventing influenza-associated hospitalizations.

Source: Oxford Academic

3 – Longitudinal Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic with no licensed vaccine or specific antiviral agents for therapy.
• Little is known about the longitudinal dynamics of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) in patients with COVID-19.
• Blood samples (n = 173) were collected from 30 patients with COVID-19 over a 3-month period after symptom onset and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2–specific NAbs using the lentiviral pseudotype assay, coincident with the levels of IgG and proinflammatory cytokines.
• These data provide useful information regarding dynamic changes in NAbs in patients with COVID-19 during the acute and convalescent phases.

Source: Oxford Academic

4- Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 variants induced by natural infection or vaccination: a systematic review and pooled meta-analysis

• Recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants may pose a threat to immunity.
• A systematic landscape of neutralizing antibodies against emerging variants is needed.
• In this study, they systematically searched for studies that evaluated neutralizing antibodies titers induced by previous infection or vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 variants and collected individual data.
• Neutralizing antibodies levels induced by mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants were similar, or higher, than that derived from naturally-infected individuals.

Source: Oxford Academic

5 – The Duration, Dynamics, and Determinants of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibody Responses in Individual Healthcare Workers

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody measurements can be used to estimate the proportion of a population exposed or infected and may be informative about the risk of future infection.
• Previous estimates of the duration of antibody responses vary.
• SARS-CoV-2 anti-nucleocapsid antibodies wane within months and fall faster in younger adults and those without symptoms. However, anti-spike IgG remains stably detected.
• Ongoing longitudinal studies are required to track the long-term duration of antibody levels and their association with immunity to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.

Source: Oxford Academic

6 – Mass Screening of Asymptomatic Persons for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Using Saliva

• Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved to become a global pandemic, largely owing to the transmission of its causative virus through asymptomatic carriers.
• Detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in asymptomatic people is an urgent priority for the prevention and containment of disease outbreaks in communities.
• However, few data are available in asymptomatic persons regarding the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction testing. In addition, although self-collected saliva samples have significant logistical advantages in mass screening, their utility as an alternative specimen in asymptomatic persons is yet to be determined.
• Both NPS and saliva specimens had high sensitivity and specificity.
• Self-collected saliva specimens are valuable for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in mass screening of asymptomatic persons.

Source: Oxford Academic

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