3- Wednesday Research News – 9th June

1 – SARS-CoV-2 infection of BNT162b2(mRNA)-vaccinated individuals is not restricted to variants of concern or high-risk exposure environments

• The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) has raised questions regarding the extent of protection of currently implemented vaccines.
• Ten “vaccination breakthrough” infections were identified among individuals fully vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine as a result of social or household transmission.
• Eight individuals presented mild symptoms in the absence of infection with other common respiratory viruses, confirmed using viral genetic sequencing.
• The findings indicate that in cases of limited vaccine protection, infection is not restricted to VOCs or high-risk settings, highlighting the critical need for continued testing and monitoring of infection among individuals regardless of vaccination status.

Source: MedRxiv

2- Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the pediatric population of the United States

• The evolution of SARS-CoV2 virus has led to the emergence of variants of concern (VOC).
• Children, particularly <12 years old not yet eligible for vaccines, continue to be important reservoirs of SARS-CoV-2 yet VOC prevalence data in this population is lacking.
• We report data from a genomic surveillance program that includes 9 U.S. children’s hospitals.
• Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genome from 2119 patients <19 years old between 03/20 to 04/21 identified 252 VOCs and 560 VOC signature mutations, most from 10/20 onwards.

Source: MedRxiv

3- Efficacy and safety of baricitinib in patients with COVID-19 infection: Results from the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group COV-BARRIER phase 3 trial

• The efficacy and safety of baricitinib, an oral selective Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor, in addition to standard of care (SOC) in hospitalised adults with COVID-19 is unknown.
• While reduction of disease progression did not achieve statistical significance, treatment with baricitinib in addition to SOC (including dexamethasone) significantly reduced mortality, with a similar safety profile to SOC, in hospitalised COVID-19 participants.

Source: MedRxiv

4- Functional and quantitative evaluation of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced immunity

• Vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 have been introduced.
• To investigate whether the vaccine provides protective immunity effectively, the amount and function of vaccine-induced antibodies were evaluated.
• The BNT162b2 vaccine produced sufficient antibodies in terms of quality and quantity which could neutralise emerging variants.
• Antibody induction can be affected by age and sex but will still be at a sufficient level.

Source: MedRxiv

5- COVID-19 herd immunity by immunisation: are children in the herd?

• The scourge of COVID-19 has been global, but the most affected subgroups in the population have largely been older people and individuals with comorbid conditions that predispose them to increasingly severe disease and poor outcomes.
• Overall, the disease burden in children has been reasonably mild, even in those with comorbidities, such as oncological conditions.
• Protection from severe disease in children might be related to a lower expression of host factors required for viral replication, and to differences in the magnitude and timing of innate or adaptive immune responses.
• Data for recorded COVID-19 cases show that only 7% of children younger than 18 years with severe disease required intensive care, whereas 53% of adults who had severe disease required intensive care.

Source: The Lancet

6- Towards an accurate and systematic characterisation of persistently asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2

• People with persistently asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection experience no symptoms throughout the course of infection, and pre-symptomatic individuals become infectious days before they report symptoms.
• Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from individuals without symptoms contributes to pandemic spread, but the extent of transmission from persistently asymptomatic individuals remains unknown.
• This study describe three methodological issues that hinder attempts to estimate this proportion.

Source: The Lancet

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