3- Wednesday Research News – 29th December

 1 – A Single Dose of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine Induces Airway Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Patients

• Mucosal antibodies can prevent virus entry and replication in mucosal epithelial cells and hence virus shedding.
• Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that a parenteral booster injection of a vaccine against a mucosal pathogen promotes stronger mucosal immune responses following prior infection compared to two injections of a parenteral vaccine.
• They investigated whether this was also the case for a COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.
• This study showed that a parenteral booster injection of a COVID-19 RNA vaccine promoted stronger mucosal immune responses in COVID-19 convalescent patients compared to SARS-CoV-2 naive subjects who had received a first vaccine dose.

Source: MedRxiv

2- The Influence of Age, Sex, and Socioeconomic Status on Glycemic Control Among People with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes in Canada: A Patient-Led Longitudinal Retrospective Cohort Study

• Clinical guidelines for most adults with diabetes recommend maintaining hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤7.0% (<53 mmol/mol) to avoid microvascular and macrovascular complications.
• People with diabetes of different ages, sexes, and socioeconomic statuses may differ in their ease of attaining this goal.
• As a team of people with diabetes, researchers, and health professionals, they aimed to explore patterns in HbA1c results among people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Canada.
• A substantial proportion of people with diabetes in Canada are insufficiently supported to maintain guideline-recommended glycemic control goals.
• Blood sugar management goals may be particularly challenging for people who are going through adolescence, menopause, or living with fewer financial resources.

Source: Medrxiv

3- A cure for Type 1 diabetes? For one man, it seems to have worked

• Brian Shelton, the first person to take part in a clinical trial for a stem cell therapy, saw their need for insulin disappear almost entirely (by 91% after 90 days).
• On June 29, 2021, Brian Shelton got an infusion of cells, grown from stem cells but just like the insulin-producing pancreas cells his body lacked.
• Brian’s body began to automatically control its insulin and blood sugar levels almost instantly.
• Brian, now age 64, may be the first person cured of the disease with this remarkable treatment.
• The results, however, have not yet been published in a peer-reviewed journal, and diabetes community is curious to know if there will be unanticipated adverse effects and if the cells will last for a lifetime or if the treatment would have to be repeated.
• Brian Shelton still requires taking immunosuppressive drugs, used in any case of a transplant.

Source: Diabetes

4- A new therapy for treating Type 1 diabetes

• Promising early results show that longstanding Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) research may have paved the way for a breakthrough treatment of Type 1 diabetes.
• Utilizing research from the Melton Lab, Vertex Pharmaceuticals has developed VX-880, an investigational stem cell-derived, fully differentiated pancreatic islet cell replacement therapy for people with type 1 diabetes (T1D).
• In conjunction with immunosuppressive therapy, VX-880 produced robust restoration of islet cell function on Day 90 in the first patient in its Phase 1/2 clinical trial.

Source: Harvard University

5- Forecasting COVID-19 infection trends in the EU-27 countries, the UK and Switzerland due to SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern Omicron

• On November 26, 2021, WHO designated the variant B.1.1.529 as a new SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern (VoC), named Omicron, originally identified in South Africa.
• Several mutations in Omicron indicate that it may have an impact on how it spreads, resistance to vaccination, or the severity of illness it causes.
• They used previous modelling algorithms to forecast the spread of Omicron aggregated in the EU-27 countries, the United Kingdom and Switzerland, and report trends in daily cases with a 7-day moving average.
• Up to January 15, 2022, they estimated a background rate projection in EU-27 countries, the UK and Switzerland of about 145,000 COVID-19 daily cases without Omicron, which increases up to 440,000 COVID-19 daily cases in the worst scenario of Omicron spread, and 375,000 in the “best” scenario.
• Therefore, Omicron might represent a relative increase from the background daily rates of COVID-19 infection in Europe of 1.03-fold or 2.03-fold, that is up to a 200% increase.

Source:  Medrxiv

6- Symptoms persisting after hospitalization for COVID-19: 12 months interim results of the COFLOW study

• A large proportion of patients experiences a wide range of sequelae after acute COVID-19 infection, especially after severe illness.
• The long-term health sequelae need to be assessed.
• The objective was to longitudinally assess persistence of symptoms and clusters of symptoms up to 12 months after hospitalization for COVID-19, and to assess determinants of the main persistent symptoms.
• The majority of patients experienced COVID-19 sequelae up to 12 months after hospitalization.
• Whereas physical and respiratory symptoms showed slow gradual decline, fatigue and cognitive symptoms did not evidently resolve over time.
• This finding stresses the importance of finding the underlying causes and effective treatments for post-COVID condition, beside adequate COVID-19 prevention.

Source: MedRxiv

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