3- Wednesday Research News – 28th July

1 – COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors: impact of vaccination on antibody levels, breakthrough infections and reinfection rate.

• Since January 2021 COVID-19 vaccination campaign began in Italy, the impact of vaccination on antibody levels and suspect vaccine breakthrough infections in these subjects were investigated.
• Post-vaccination anti-Sars-Cov-2 antibody level in 54 previously infected subjects had an exponential increase compared to pre-vaccination level regardless of the number of vaccine doses.
• However after 100 days from vaccination SARS-CoV-2 antibody level tends to decline.
• Post-vaccination primary infections were detected in 15 cases, with 3 possible breakthrough infections after a full vaccination course.
• A trend toward stronger antibody response was observed with increasing distance between natural infection and vaccination.

Source: MedRxiv

2- Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19 disease: A retrospective comparative study of patients treated with and without Remdesivir

• Remdesivir (RDV) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been found to be beneficial in patients with severe disease; however, its role in mild-moderate disease and its optimal timing need to be identified.
• This study aims to assess the course of illness and final outcome in patients who received RDV at various stages of illness, and compare it to the non-RDV group.
• Early initiation of RDV is associated with shorter hospital stay, lower mortality as well as reduced need for supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation.

Source: MedRxiv

3- SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated individuals of old age strongly boosters the humoral immune response

• Prophylactic vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most important measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Recently, break-through infections following vaccination against this virus have been reported.
• Here, they describe the humoral immune response of break-through infections in fully vaccinated individuals of old age from an outbreak in a nursery home.
• Large SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks can occur in fully vaccinated populations, but seem to associate with mild disease.
• SARS-CoV-2 infection in fully vaccinated individuals is a strong booster of the humoral immune response providing enhanced neutralisation capacity against immune evasion variants.

Source: MedRxiv

4- Overall and cause-specific hospitalisation and death after COVID-19 hospitalisation in England: cohort study in OpenSAFELY using linked primary care, secondary care and death registration data

• There is concern about medium to long-term adverse outcomes following acute COVID-19, but little relevant evidence exists.
• This study aimed to investigate whether risks of hospital admission and death, overall and by specific cause, are raised following discharge from a COVID-19 hospitalisation.
• People discharged from a COVID-19 hospital admission had markedly higher risks for rehospitalisation and death than the general population, suggesting a substantial extra burden on healthcare.
• Most risks were similar to those observed after influenza hospitalisations; but COVID-19 patients had higher risks of all-cause mortality, readmissions/death due to the initial infection, and dementia death, highlighting the importance of post-discharge monitoring.

Source: MedRxiv

5- Upper airway gene expression reveals a more robust innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in children compared with older adults

• Unlike other respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 disproportionately causes severe disease in older adults and only rarely in children.
• To investigate whether differences in the upper airway immune response could contribute to this disparity, they compared nasopharyngeal gene expression in 83 children and 154 adults.
• Only children exhibited a decrease in proportions of ciliated cells, the primary target for SARS-CoV-2, upon infection with the virus.
• These findings demonstrate that children elicit a more robust innate and adaptive immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper airway that likely contributes to their protection from severe disease in the lower airway.

Source: MedRxiv

6- Natural immunity against COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of reinfection: findings from a cohort of sero-survey participants

• Conflicting reports on the persistence of antibody levels in individuals recovered from COVID-19 infection, suggest that the immunity against COVID-19 may not be lasting for long
• In the current study they followed up with a subsample of previous sero-survey participants to assess whether natural immunity against SARS-CoV-2 was associated with a reduced risk of re-infection.
• The findings reinforce the strong plausibility that development of antibody following natural infection not only protects against re-infection by the virus to a great extent, but also safeguards against progression to severe COVID-19 disease.

Source: MedRxiv

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