3- Wednesday Research News – 20th October

 1 – Estimating the effectiveness of first dose of COVID-19 vaccine against mortality in England: a quasi-experimental study

• Estimating real-world vaccine effectiveness is vital to assess the impact of the vaccination programme on the pandemic and inform the ongoing policy response.
• However, estimating vaccine effectiveness using observational data is inherently challenging because of the non-randomised design and the potential for unmeasured confounding.
• These results support existing evidence that a first dose of a COVID-19 vaccine has a strong protective effect against COVID-19 mortality in older adults.
• The RDD estimate of vaccine effectiveness is comparable to previously published studies using different methods, suggesting that unmeasured confounding factors are unlikely to substantially bias these studies.

Source: MedRxiv

2- Fourteen-days Evolution of COVID-19 Symptoms During the Third Wave in Non-vaccinated Subjects and Effects of Hesperidin Therapy: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study

• COVID-19 symptoms can cause substantial disability, yet no therapy can currently reduce their frequency or duration.
• They conducted a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of hesperidin 1000 mg once-daily for 14 days in 216 symptomatic non-vaccinated COVID-19 subjects.
• Thirteen symptoms were recorded after 3, 7, 10 and 14 days.
• In conclusion, most non-vaccinated COVID-19 infected subjects remain symptomatic after 14 days with anosmia being the most frequently persisting symptom.
• Hesperidin 1g daily may help reduce group A symptoms.
• Earlier treatment of longer duration and/or higher dosage should be tested.

Source: MedRxiv

3- Predicting the Effectiveness of Covid-19 Vaccines from SARS-CoV-2 Variants Neutralisation Data

• Rapid and accurate prediction of Covid-19 vaccine effectiveness is crucial to response against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
• Despite intensive research, several prediction tasks are not well supported, such as predicting effectiveness of partial vaccination, of vaccine boosters and in vaccinated subpopulations.
• This paper introduces a novel predictive framework to accommodate such tasks and improve prediction accuracy.
• It was developed for predicting the symptomatic effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Vaxzevria) vaccines but could apply to other vaccines and effectiveness types.

Source: MedRxiv

4- Illness characteristics of COVID-19 in children infected with the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant

• The Delta (B.1.617.2) SARS-CoV-2 variant became the predominant UK circulating strain in May 2021. Whether COVID-19 from Delta infection differs to infection with other variants in children is unknown.
• Through the prospective COVID Symptom Study, 109,626 UK school-aged children were proxy-reported between December 28, 2020 and July 8, 2021.
• They assessed illness profiles (symptom prevalence, duration, and burden), hospital presentation, and presence of long (≥28 day) illness; and calculated odds ratios for symptoms presenting within the first 28 days of illness.
• COVID-19 in UK school-aged children due to SARS-CoV-2 Delta strain B.1.617.2 resembles illness due to the Alpha variant B.1.1.7., with short duration and similar symptom burden.

Source: MedRxiv

5- COVID-19 Associated Hepatitis in Children (CAH-C) during the second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infections in Central India: Is it a complication or transient phenomenon

• While pediatric population has largely remained free of severe COVID-19, in some cases SARS-CoV-2 infection has been associated with complications like Multiple Inflammatory Syndrome in children (MIS-C).
• This study mentions another unique presentation subsequent to asymptomatic infection of SARS-CoV-2, a transient form of hepatitis designated as COVID-19 Associated Hepatitis in Children (CAH-C).
• The clinical presentations, temporal association and viral parameters of the cases of CAH-C contrasting to MIS-C hepatitis are presented here.
• With the emergence of newer variants of concern (VOC) including the Delta variant which has now spread to more than 60 countries and was responsible for the massive wave of COVID-19 across India, with changing presentations, CAH-C might be one of them.
• Such new entities need to be identified and differentiated from other emerging syndromes in children for a timely and appropriate intervention.

Source: MedRxiv

6- Human Milk Antibodies Elicited by BNT162b2 Vaccination have reduced activity against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern

• In this study, they detected the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA against all major VOCs in milk out to 6 weeks after D2 of BNT162b2.
• These likely confer some protection to the breastfed infants, who are ineligible for vaccination and are at risk of severe COVID-19.
• However, they detected significantly reduced milk IgA binding to VOCs, including the globally dominant Delta variant, suggesting reduced protection for breastfeeding infants.
• Additionally, these antibodies were significantly reduced by as early as 4-6 weeks after D2.

Source: MedRxiv

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