3- Wednesday Research News – 21th July

 1 – Vaccine side-effects and SARS-CoV-2 infection after vaccination in users of the COVID Symptom Study app in the UK: a prospective observational study

• The Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) and the Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccines have shown excellent safety and efficacy in phase 3 trials.
• This study aimed to investigate the safety and effectiveness of these vaccines in a UK community setting.
• Systemic and local side-effects after BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination occur at frequencies lower than reported in phase 3 trials.
• Both vaccines decrease the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection after 12 days.

Source: The Lancet

2- 6 month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records

• Neurological and psychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 have been reported, but more data are needed to adequately assess the effects of COVID-19 on brain health.
• This study aimed to provide robust estimates of incidence rates and relative risks of neurological and psychiatric diagnoses in patients in the 6 months following a COVID-19 diagnosis.
• This study provides evidence for substantial neurological and psychiatric morbidity in the 6 months after COVID-19 infection.
• Risks were greatest in, but not limited to, patients who had severe COVID-19. This information could help in service planning and identification of research priorities.

Source: The Lancet

3- First case of postmortem study in a patient vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2

• A previously symptomless 86-year-old man received the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. He died 4 weeks later from acute renal and respiratory failure.
• Although he did not present with any COVID-19-specific symptoms, he tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 before he died.
• Acute bronchopneumonia and tubular failure were assigned as the cause of death at autopsy; however, they did not observe any characteristic morphological features of COVID-19.
• These results might suggest that the first vaccination induces immunogenicity but not sterile immunity.

Source: ScienceDirect

4- The FDA-approved drug ivermectin inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro

• Although several clinical trials are now underway to test possible therapies, the worldwide response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring/containment.
• they report here that Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic previously shown to have broad-spectrum anti-viral activity in vitro, is an inhibitor of the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2 h post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48 h.
• Ivermectin therefore warrants further investigation for possible benefits in humans.

Source: ScienceDirect

5- Pathophysiological Basis and Rationale for Early Outpatient Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection

• Approximately 9 months of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavius-2 (SARS-CoV-2 [COVID-19]) spreading across the globe has led to widespread COVID-19 acute hospitalizations and death.
• The rapidity and highly communicable nature of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has hampered the design and execution of definitive randomized, controlled trials of therapy outside of the clinic or hospital.
• This article outlines key pathophysiological principles that relate to the patient with early infection treated at home.
• Therapeutic approaches based on these principles include
• reduction of reinoculation,
• combination antiviral therapy,
• immunomodulation,
• antiplatelet/antithrombotic therapy,
• and 5) administration of oxygen, monitoring, and telemedicine.

Source: ScienceDirect

6- Neuraminidase inhibitor use in adults presenting to hospital with suspected influenza: A questionnaire-based survey of practice among hospital physicians

• UK Public Health England (PHE) guidelines recommend the liberal use of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) in hospitalised adults with suspected influenza and are aligned with international guidelines.
• NAI use is recommended to start as early as possible and empirical use is recommended whilst awaiting laboratory results.
• Current UK hospital physician knowledge, attitudes, and practises regarding the use of NAIs, and levels of adherence to guideline recommendations are not known.
• This study highlights a disparity between public health policy and clinical practice and suggests that strategies that promote rapid diagnostic testing and adherence to treatment guidelines are required.

Source: ScienceDirect

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